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tcp/ip

Protocol TCP / IP TCP / IP, the most important protocols used in the network computer. As the largest Internet networks, communication protocols for the above uses different devices. Protocol, set to make laws in order to regulate how communications in computer networks. In the series of articles which will be presented to the protocol, we will investigate. In cases like this part: the data transfer process, introduced layers of TCP / IP protocol and how to use socket communication to create differentiation, are described. Introduction Today, most large computer networks and operating systems available in most protocols TCP / IP, to use and support. TCP / IP, the requirements for communication systems Ghyrmshabh provides. Important feature of the protocol, can be cases like: applicability on different environments, high reliability coefficient, the ability to extend it noted. These protocols, in order to access the Internet and using its various services such as Web or e-mail is used. Diversity protocols in TCP / IP stack and the logical and systematic relationship with each other, the possibility of realizing communication in computer networks with different purposes, provides. Process of establishing a relationship, including various activities such as: computer name into an IP address equivalent, specify the destination computer location, information packaging, addressing and routing in order to send data successfully to the intended destination, by the set of protocols existing TCP / IP stack is done. Presentation Protocol TCP / IP TCP / IP, the standard protocol for connecting computers in a network is based on Windows 2000. These protocols, in order to communicate in large networks are used. Communication via various protocols that are organized in separate Chharlayh, is possible. Each of the existing protocol stack TCP / IP, with a specific task in this area (communication) are. When creating a connection, may in a moment a large number of programs, communicate with each other. TCP / IP, resolution and differentiated capability available to a program on a computer with other programs and data after receiving an application, they correspond to existing programs on another computer sends. Mode of data transmission by TCP / IP protocol from the local to where the other process sent a letter from city to city, is comparable. Communication based on TCP / IP, with activation of a computer program source starts. The above program, to send data to a way shall prepare and format for the destination computer must be read and used. (Similar to writing with language that the recipients be able to read it). More destination address of the computer, the data will be added to the relevant (similar to the receiver address on a letter will be specified). After the above operations, the data with additional information (request for approval received at the destination), turned over the network to move to reach the desired destination. Operation, communication environment in order to transfer network data transfer does not, and the realization of these operations with an independent approach to the transmission medium, will be conducted. Layer protocol TCP / IP TCP / IP, the processes necessary in order to communicate and organize in this respect, several protocols TCP / IP stack is used. In order to increase efficiency in achieving the desired processes, protocols at different layers, are organized. Information address located at the end and thus computer in able to evaluate its speed will be optimal. In this regard,''only the destination computer as the computer has been introduced, making possible to open the packet and perform the necessary processing on it will have. TCP / IP, a four-layer communication model in order to send data to another local uses: Application, Transport, Internet and Network Interface, layers in the TCP / IP protocol are. Each protocol stack related TCP / IP, according to its mission, in one of the layers above, are located. Layer Application layer Application, the highest layer in the TCP / IP stack is. All programs and tools used in this layer using the layer above, can be Dsttyaby network. This layer protocols in order to format and exchange of information users are using. HTTP and FTP protocols, two examples of this layer are available. Protocol HTTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol). These protocols, in order to send files to Web pages, Web is used. Protocol FTP) File Transfer Protocol). The above protocol to send and receive files, are used. Transport layer Transport layer''''ability to create clarity and to ensure communication between computer and data layer Application (your top layer) or the Internet layer (lower layer) to holds. Layer above, the unique characteristics of a program that has supplied the data, to determine. This layer consists of two basic protocols that control the distribution of data shall. TCP) Transmission Control Protocol). Above protocol, responsible for ensuring accuracy of information distribution. UDP) User Datagram Protocol). Protocol above, possible rapid release information without accepting responsibility regarding the accuracy guarantee is responsible for distribution of information. Internet layer Internet layer''''responsible for addressing, packaging and routing data, is. Layers above, including four basic protocol is: IP) Internet Protocol). Above protocol, responsible for address data is sent to the intended destination. ARP) Address Resoulation Protocol). Above protocol, responsible for specify address MAC) Media Access Control) Network adapter on the destination computer. ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol). Above protocol, responsible for providing error reporting and troubleshooting functions in the absence of proper distribution of information. IGMP) Internet Group Managemant Protocol). These protocols, Multicasting in responsible management of TCP / IP is responsible. Network Interface layer Network interface layer,''''responsible for the establishment of environmental data on the transmission network and receiving data transmission network environment. These layers include physical devices such as cable networks and network adapters. Network card (adapter) with a twelve digit hexadecimal number (eg: B5-50-04-22-D4-66) which addresses MAC, is called. Network interface layer,''''including protocols based on similar software layers before, is not. Protocols Ethernet and ATM) Asynchronous Transfer Mode), examples of existing protocols in this layer are. These protocols, how to send data to determine network. Specify programs in computer networking, the various programs at the same time are related to each other. When multiple programs on a computer are enabled, TCP / IP, must be differentiated from the way a program for other programs, to use. For this purpose, a socket (Socket) in order to specify a particular program, are used. IP address of a communication network requires computers to determine the source and destination address (the initial condition for communication between two points clear of being involved in the areas of communication address). Address of each device involved in the process of communication, by a unique IP number is called, are determined. Address above each computer in the ratio is given. IP: 10. 10.1.1, an example in this field. Ports TCP / UDP port specification for a program and a computer is special. Port with one layer protocols''carry''(TCP or UDP) and TCP port and related port or UDP, is called. Port could number between zero to 65,535 will be included. Port programs for TCP / IP server side, known as''ports''and called numbers less than 1024 to the end and Rzv are no conflicts and clashes with other programs created expel. FTP server program''for example, TCP port of twenty or twenty Wake uses. Socket (Socket) socket, a combination of IP address and TCP port or UDP port is. A program with a socket to specify the IP address and type of service related to computers (TCP to ensure distribution of information or UDP) port that indicates the program is to determine. IP address in the socket, the destination computer can provide the address and the port, a program for which the data will be sent to decide. In the second part of this paper describes each of the existing protocol stack TCP / IP, we will. TCP / IP, including six major protocols (TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP) and a set of applications is. Protocols above, a collection of the necessary order Astadndardha between computers and devices in the network provides. All applications and other protocols in the protocol TCP / IP, the above six related protocols and services used by them to. The following describes the performance and status of each of the protocols, the payment will be. Protocol TCP: Layer Transport TCP) Transmission Control Protocol), one of the standard protocol TCP / IP that allows distribution and supply information (services) between the''only two computers, with high confidence factor provides. This relationship (between two points only''), Unicast is called. Connection-oriented communications approach, must be given before sending, be established between two computers. After communication, the possibility of sending data only connection''developed, will be provided. Communications of this kind are very confident, why to ensure distribution of information goes to the intended destination. Source computer, TCP data that must be sent in packets (Packet) organization shall. Destination computer, TCP, packet data, the initial diagnosis and again''will create. Send data using TCP TCP, in order to enhance performance as packets are sent to a group. TCP, a serial number (the position of a packet sent to all packet) to each packet of data and ensures Acknowledgment of receipt of a group of packets sent, uses. If the destination computer, time to receipt of certain packets, Unless action, Computer Source,''once again attempted to send information. In addition Brafzvdn a numerical sequence and an Acknowledgment packet, TCP port information associated with the program source and destination of the packet is added to. Source computer, computer ports in order to guide the correct destination packets to the appropriate program on the destination computer uses. Computer Source Computer destination port in order to retrieve the information in the computer program poster Source will use. Any computers that wish to use the TCP protocol for data transmission are appropriate, before the exchange of information, to establish a connection between his. The above connection, and virtual type is called Session. Two computers involved in the relationship, using TCP and assisted with the process: Three-Way handshake, related to each other and each committed to the principles specified in the corresponding algorithm will be was. This process, occurs in three stages: First stage: Source computer connected via the relevant information Session, shall initialize (number related to the position of a packet among all packets and packet size to ) Second stage: the destination computer, the information submitted Session, will give an appropriate response. Computer Source, description of event Acknowledgment Aided by the destination computer knowledge will find. Protocol UDP: Layer Transport UDP) User Datagram Protocol), protocol-level''layers''of carrying the program specifies the destination network and the type is no connection. Protocol above, possible distribution of information presented with the appropriate speed, but with ensuring correct information, a desirable level of confidence could not create. UDP in relation to data received by the destination, no need to Acknowledgment and in case of error or failure in the data submitted, double efforts in order to send this data, will not. This means that less data to be sent, but none of the received data packets and health continuum, can not be guaranteed. Above protocol, in order to convey information to multiple computers using Broadcast or Multicast, taken using comes . Protocol UDP, delivered a small volume of data sent or information Banshd not a great importance, also are used. Using UDP protocol in cases such as Multicasting Streaming media, (such as a live video conference) or publish a list of computers that are used for local communication, is common. In order to use UDP, Source program must specify your UDP port to exactly the same''that must be operational to perform the destination computer. Moreover, the UDP ports from TCP ports are separate and distinct (even if they have the same port number). Protocol IP: layer Internet IP) Internet Protocol), the possibility to specify the destination location in a computer communication network provides. IP, a connectionless protocol and the first responsibility Ghyrmtmyn addressing and routing packets between computers on the network. Although always tried to distribute an IP packet shall, may send a packet in time involve numerous issues such as: loss, damage, lack of proper distribution of priority, repeat or delay in the post, will be. In such cases, IP protocol in order to attempt to solve the above problems would do (send this information request). Knowledge of collection and recovery of the packet destination packets lost, is responsible for a higher layer such as TCP or program Submitter Information is assigned. IP operations can be done by IP as a place considered a sort operation and distribution of packets in its place, occurs. Packets of information by one-layer transport protocol (TCP or UDP) or through the network layer Aytrfys'''', are sent to IP. The first task of IP, routing packets in order to send the final destination. Each packet includes source IP address (the sender) and destination IP address (receiver) is. If the IP, destination address can specify that the segment is available,''the packet directly to the desired computer will be sent. If the destination address is not in the same segment, IP, must use a router and can send data to it. Another function IP, ensure the absence of a packet (suspense!) In the network. For this purpose, a specific time limits in relation to time move the packet through the network, will be considered. Operation, by an amount attributable TTL) Time To Live) for any of the packets occurs. TTL, the maximum duration that can move the packet through the network decide (before the packet is dropped.) Protocol ICMP: layer Internet ICMP) Internet Control Message Protocol), the necessary facilities in debugging and error reporting related to non distribution of packets provides. Using ICMP, computers and routers that use IP communications in order to able to report error and limited exchange of information regarding status have arisen. For example,''if the IP, to distribute a packet of information is not intended destination, ICMP messages based on an inaccessible source for computers being sent there. Although the IP protocol in order to transfer data between multiple routers are used, but a representative of the ICMP TCP / IP, responsible for reporting error messages or control. To ICMP, this is not for the IP protocol as a secure protocol, shall, as ICMP messages with no content upon receipt message (Acknowledgment) packet are not. ICMP,''just trying to report error and provide the necessary feedback regarding the realization of a particular situation shall. Protocol IGMP: layer Internet IGMP) Internet Group Managment Protocol), a management protocol list for members of IP Multicasting, a network TCP / IP is responsible for. IP Multicasting, is a process in which a message for a selected group of recipients that the group are called multicat; will be sent. IGMP list members are kept to. Protocol ARP: layer Internet ARP) Address Resolution Protocol), protocol name that responsibility''to address''the issue in relation to output packets (Outgoing), is responsible. Result of the above process, Mapping IP address to the address MAC) Media Access Control), is relevant. Network card address MAC, in order to detect a packet belonging to the respective computer, used to. No addresses MAC, network cards, knowledge about the packets sent to the higher layer processing and related purposes will not have. With packets to reach the IP layer in order to send network, source and destination MAC addresses to be added. ARP, the special table for storing IP addresses and MAC related uses. Local memory where the table is to be stored, ARP Cache is called. ARP Cache mapping required for each computer, including computers and Routers that only''on a segment are similar.

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